M. Shahinpoor, Y. Bar-cohen, J. Simpson, and J. Smith, Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) as biomimetic sensors, actuators and artificial muscles - a review, Smart Materials and Structures, vol.7, issue.6, pp.15-30, 1998.
DOI : 10.1088/0964-1726/7/6/001

M. Shahinpoor, Y. Bar-cohen, T. Xue, J. Simpson, and J. Smith, Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC's) as biomimetic sensors, actuators, Proceedings of the SPIE'S 5th Annual International Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-662-04068-3_12

R. Samatham, K. Kim, D. Dogruer, H. Choi, M. Konyo et al., Active Polymers: An Overview
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-84628-372-7_1

H. A. Sodano, D. J. Inman, and G. Park, A review of power harvesting from vibration using piezoelectric materials. The Sock and Vibration Digest, pp.197-205, 2004.

Y. Liu, K. L. Ren, H. F. Hofmann, and Q. Zhang, Electroactive polymers for mechanical energy harvesting, Proc. SPIE 5385, Smart Structures and Materials 2004: Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD), pp.10-1117, 2004.

Y. Liu, K. L. Ren, H. F. Hofmann, and Q. Zhang, Investigation of electrostrictive polymers for energy harvesting, IEEE Transaction on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, vol.52, issue.12, pp.2411-2417, 2005.

M. Shahinpoor, Continuum electromechanics of ionic polymeric gels as artificial muscles for robotic applications, Smart Materials and Structures, vol.3, issue.3, pp.367-372, 1994.
DOI : 10.1088/0964-1726/3/3/012

M. Shahinpoor and J. K. Kim, The effect of surface-electrode resistance on the performance of ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) artificial muscles, Smart Materials and Structures, vol.9, issue.4, pp.543-551, 2000.
DOI : 10.1088/0964-1726/9/4/318

S. Bar-cohen, Y. Sherrit, and S. Lih, Characterization of the electromechanical properties of EAP materials, Smart Structures and Materials 2001: Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices, pp.286-293, 2002.
DOI : 10.1117/12.432663

S. Nemat-nasser and J. Li, Electromechanical response of ionic polymer-metal composites, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.87, issue.7, pp.3321-3331, 2000.
DOI : 10.1098/rspa.1957.0133

K. M. Newbury and D. J. Leo, Electromechanical Modeling and Characterization of Ionic Polymer Benders, Journal of Intelligent Materials Systems and Structures, vol.13, issue.1, pp.51-60, 2002.
DOI : 10.1177/1045389X02013001978

W. J. Yoon, P. G. Reinhall, and E. J. Seidel, Analysis of electro-active polymer bending: A component in a low cost ultrathin scanning endoscope, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, vol.133, issue.2, pp.506-517, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.sna.2006.04.037

S. Nemat-nasser, Micromechanics of actuation of ionic polymer-metal composites, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.4329, issue.5, pp.2899-2915, 2002.
DOI : 10.1117/12.432658

D. Gennes, P. Okumura, K. Shahinpoor, M. Kim, and K. , Mechanoelectric effects in ionic gels, Europhysics Letters (EPL), vol.50, issue.4, pp.513-518, 2000.
DOI : 10.1209/epl/i2000-00299-3

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.195.5841

J. Chabé, Etude des interactions moléculaires polymère-eau lors de l'hydratation de la membrane Nafion, ´ electrolyte de référence de la pile combustible, 2008.

R. I. Nigmatulin, Spatial averaging in the mechanics of heterogeneous and dispersed systems, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, vol.5, issue.5, pp.353-385, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0301-9322(79)90013-2

R. I. Nigmatulin, Dynamics of multiphase media, vols 1 and 2, 1990.

D. A. Drew, Mathematical Modeling of Two-Phase Flow, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, vol.15, issue.1, pp.261-291, 1983.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.fl.15.010183.001401

D. A. Drew and S. L. Passman, Theory of multicomponents fluids, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/b97678

M. Ishii and T. Hibiki, Thermo-fluid dynamics of two-phase flow, 462 p, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4419-7985-8

D. Lhuillier, A mean-field description of two-phase flows with phase changes, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, vol.29, issue.3, pp.511-525, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0301-9322(03)00003-X

F. Collette and . Vieillissement-hygrothermique-du-nafion, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers, http : //tel.archives ? ouvertes, 2008.

T. D. Gierke, G. E. Munn, and F. C. Wilson, The morphology in nafion perfluorinated membrane products, as determined by wide- and small-angle x-ray studies, Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition, vol.19, issue.11, p.1687, 1981.
DOI : 10.1002/pol.1981.180191103

O. Coussy, Mechanics of porous continua, 1995.

M. A. Biot, Variational Lagrangian-thermodynamics of nonisothermal finite strain mechanics of porous solids and thermomolecular diffusion, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.13, issue.6, pp.579-597, 1977.
DOI : 10.1016/0020-7683(77)90031-2

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01368304

O. Coussy, Thermomechanics of saturated porous solids in finite deformation, Eur. J. Mech., A/Solids, vol.8, issue.1, pp.1-14, 1989.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00586563

J. D. Jackson, Classical electrodynamics, 848 p, 1975.

G. A. Maugin, Continuum mechanics of electromagnetic solids, 598 p., North-Holland, 1988.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3176205